What is the most trusted crypto exchange?

Picking the “most trusted” is tricky, as trust depends on individual needs and risk tolerance. However, several exchanges consistently rank highly.

Coinbase boasts a massive selection of cryptocurrencies, making it ideal for diversified portfolios. Its user-friendly interface is a plus, but fees can be higher than some competitors. Consider their Coinbase Pro platform for lower fees if you’re a more active trader.

Crypto.com shines with its mobile app; trading on the go is seamless. They offer a wide range of services beyond simple trading, including staking and a Visa debit card, but security breaches in the past highlight the importance of thorough due diligence before committing large sums.

Abra caters to high-net-worth individuals and institutions, offering sophisticated investment strategies and custodial services. Expect higher minimum investment requirements.

Kraken emphasizes security, a crucial factor. They’ve historically weathered storms relatively well, but like all exchanges, they’re not immune to risk. Their advanced trading features appeal to experienced users.

Binance.US, while a strong runner-up in security, is a US-based exchange and operates under stricter regulations. This is a plus for some, but it might mean fewer available coins than its international counterpart.

Cash App Investing provides a straightforward way to buy Bitcoin, particularly appealing to beginners. It’s incredibly simple, but its offerings are limited. It’s not a full-fledged exchange.

Important Considerations: Always independently verify any exchange’s security practices and regulatory compliance. Consider factors like insurance coverage for held assets, two-factor authentication (2FA) strength, and the exchange’s history of handling security incidents. Diversifying across multiple exchanges (if feasible) can further mitigate risk.

Is uphold a good exchange?

Uphold’s ease of use is a major selling point, especially for beginners. However, “transparent fee structure” needs some nuance. While they’re upfront about fees, the overall cost can vary depending on the asset and trading volume, sometimes exceeding those of competitors for high-frequency trading. Their asset-to-asset swaps are a unique feature, offering efficient conversions between different assets without needing to sell one and buy another, potentially saving on taxes in certain jurisdictions. This is particularly useful for diversifying your portfolio quickly. It’s important to remember that while Uphold offers a wide variety of assets, including cryptocurrencies, precious metals, and even stocks, the selection may not be as extensive as on larger exchanges like Coinbase or Binance. Security is always paramount – Uphold employs robust security measures, but as with any exchange, best practices like using two-factor authentication and strong passwords are crucial. Ultimately, Uphold is a solid option, especially for those prioritizing user-friendliness and asset diversification, but it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution; conducting thorough research and considering your individual trading needs is always recommended.

What are the fake crypto platforms?

Spotting fake crypto platforms can be tricky, but here are a few examples to watch out for:

Bitnice (bit-nice.com): This is a classic example of a “pig butchering” scam. These scams lure you in with promises of high returns, but eventually steal your money. They often involve fake relationships and emotional manipulation.

Moon X Beast (moonxbeast.com): This is a fraudulent trading platform. These platforms often look legitimate, but they manipulate prices and prevent you from withdrawing your funds. Their trading charts are usually fake, and they may use high-pressure sales tactics.

Cosmictop.cc (costmictop.cc/#/home/index): Another fraudulent trading platform to avoid. The key here is to always thoroughly research any platform before investing. Look for reviews from multiple independent sources – don’t rely on testimonials on the platform itself.

Important Note: Always independently verify the legitimacy of any crypto platform. Check for licensing and registration details with relevant regulatory bodies. Be wary of platforms promising unrealistic returns. Legitimate investment opportunities rarely offer guaranteed high profits. If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.

Which is the most secure crypto exchange?

Choosing the “most secure” crypto exchange is tricky, as security is a multifaceted issue. No exchange is entirely invulnerable to hacks or exploits. However, some consistently rank higher in terms of security measures than others.

Gemini often tops lists for security, particularly for experienced traders. Their robust security protocols and regulatory compliance contribute to this reputation. They’re known for their strong emphasis on cold storage – keeping the vast majority of user funds offline and away from potential online attacks.

Kraken, while praised for its low fees, also maintains a strong security posture. They utilize advanced security measures and have a proven track record of handling user funds responsibly. However, users should always conduct their own due diligence before entrusting any exchange with their funds.

While Coinbase is popular for beginners due to its user-friendly interface, its security measures are arguably less sophisticated compared to Gemini or Kraken. This doesn’t necessarily make it insecure, but experienced traders may prefer exchanges with more advanced features.

Crypto.com and Bitmart, while offering advantages in areas like mobile apps and altcoin selection, respectively, shouldn’t solely be chosen based on security. Always research an exchange’s security practices independently before using it.

Key Security Considerations for Any Exchange:

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Always enable 2FA for an extra layer of security. This typically involves using a code from an authenticator app in addition to your password.

Regular Security Audits: Reputable exchanges undergo regular security audits by independent firms. Look for exchanges that publicly share the results of these audits.

Insurance and Reserves: While not a guarantee against all losses, some exchanges provide insurance or hold reserves to compensate users in case of security breaches.

Cold Storage: As mentioned, cold storage is crucial. The more funds an exchange keeps offline, the less vulnerable it is to online attacks.

Remember: Diversification is key. Don’t keep all your crypto on a single exchange. Spread your holdings across multiple platforms to minimize risk.

Which of the following is a red flag in a cryptocurrency investment?

Look, folks, let’s be real. The crypto space is rife with scams. In 2025, or any year for that matter, subtle website errors like misspelled URLs are a huge tip-off. It screams amateur hour, and you don’t want to be involved with amateurs when your money’s on the line.

Next, high-pressure sales tactics. If they’re pushing you to invest *right now*, before some imaginary deadline, run. Legitimate opportunities don’t need to resort to such desperation. Remember, they’re not your friends, they’re selling something.

Then there’s the ever-popular “guaranteed profits” lie. If it sounds too good to be true, it is. Crypto is inherently volatile; no one can guarantee profits. Anyone promising them is setting you up for a fall.

Finally, watch out for those promotions tied to major events. They often use hype surrounding things like conferences or celebrity endorsements to make their scams seem legitimate. Do your own research – don’t just jump on the bandwagon because some influencer said it’s hot.

Beyond those, consider these: Unlicensed or unregistered offerings – always check local regulations. Lack of transparency – if you can’t find clear information about the project’s team, technology, and financials, move on. Unrealistic roadmaps – be wary of promises of rapid, exponential growth without solid justification.

Due diligence is key. Don’t just chase the next big thing; understand what you’re investing in before you risk your capital. This isn’t a get-rich-quick scheme – it’s a high-risk, high-reward market that requires thorough research and a level head.

Does Kraken report to the IRS?

Yes, Kraken reports to the IRS. This means if you’re a US taxpayer and your Kraken earnings (including staking rewards, trading profits, etc.) exceed $600 in a calendar year, you’ll receive a 1099-MISC form. The IRS gets a copy.

Important Note: This isn’t just about capital gains from trading. Many crypto activities trigger tax implications. Staking rewards are often taxed as ordinary income, potentially at a higher rate than long-term capital gains. It’s crucial to track all your crypto transactions meticulously, including:

Purchase price of each cryptocurrency
Date of purchase
Date and price of any sales or trades
Amount of any airdrops or forks received
Value of any staking rewards

Failing to accurately report your crypto income can result in significant penalties from the IRS. Consider using dedicated crypto tax software to help manage the complexity. The IRS is increasingly scrutinizing cryptocurrency transactions, so accurate record-keeping is paramount.

Pro Tip: While the $600 threshold triggers a 1099-MISC, you are still legally obligated to report all crypto income, regardless of amount. Don’t assume you’re in the clear just because you haven’t hit the $600 mark.

Keep detailed records of all transactions.
Consult a qualified tax professional specializing in cryptocurrency taxation.
Explore tax-loss harvesting strategies to potentially offset gains.

How to spot a fake crypto exchange?

Spotting a fake crypto exchange requires due diligence beyond surface-level checks. Don’t solely rely on flashy marketing.

Red Flags:

Unrealistic Returns: Promises of excessively high and guaranteed returns are a major warning sign. No legitimate investment offers such certainty.
Lack of Transparency: Opaque ownership, unregistered businesses, or missing contact information are huge red flags. Legitimate exchanges are transparent about their operations.
Pressure Tactics: High-pressure sales tactics, limited-time offers, or urgency to invest should be treated with extreme skepticism. Legitimate exchanges don’t need to pressure you.
Poor Website Design and Functionality: A poorly designed or glitchy website suggests a lack of professionalism and investment. Look for professional design and smooth functionality.
Missing or Insufficient Security Measures: Absence of two-factor authentication (2FA), cold storage details, or other security measures raises serious concerns about the safety of your funds. Security should be paramount.
Unverified Social Media Presence: A lack of substantial, verifiable social media presence, or engagement that’s solely promotional and lacks genuine community interaction is suspicious.

Due Diligence Steps:

Verify Licensing and Registration: Check if the exchange is registered with relevant financial authorities in your jurisdiction or other established regulatory bodies.
Scrutinize the Whitepaper (if applicable): Don’t just skim; thoroughly analyze the whitepaper for inconsistencies, unrealistic claims, and weak technical foundations.
Deep Dive into Online Reviews: Go beyond the superficial; look for consistent patterns in negative reviews. Pay attention to the specifics of complaints – similar recurring issues suggest potential scams.
Check Trading Volume and Liquidity: Low trading volume or illiquid markets can indicate a lack of genuine users and increased risk of manipulation. High volume and liquidity are not guarantees of legitimacy, but their absence is a concern.
Analyze the Team’s Background: Research the team behind the exchange. Look for verifiable experience and credentials in the financial and technology sectors.
Assess the Exchange’s Security Audits (if available): Independent security audits from reputable firms provide an additional layer of verification for the exchange’s security practices.

Remember: If something seems too good to be true, it probably is. Prioritize caution and thorough research before entrusting your funds to any crypto exchange.

What is a tier 3 crypto?

Tier 3 cryptos, often called “altcoins,” represent the vast, largely uncharted territory beyond Bitcoin and established Ethereum-like projects. Think of them as the wild west of crypto. They encompass a broad spectrum of assets serving various functions within the crypto ecosystem; from novel layer-1 blockchains attempting to disrupt the established order, to DeFi protocols offering innovative financial tools, to metaverse projects pushing the boundaries of digital experiences, and even meme coins, driven primarily by hype and community sentiment.

High Risk, High Reward (and potentially High Regret): The defining characteristic of Tier 3 cryptos is their inherent risk. These projects are often less established, have smaller market caps, and lack the robust security audits and community backing of more mature projects. This heightened risk profile translates to potentially explosive gains…but equally devastating losses. Due diligence is paramount.

Key Considerations Before Investing:

Team and Whitepaper: Thoroughly research the team’s experience and the project’s whitepaper. Look for red flags like anonymity, unrealistic promises, or a lack of transparency.
Tokenomics: Understand the token’s utility, distribution, and inflation rate. A poorly designed tokenomics model can lead to significant price volatility and devaluation.
Community and Adoption: Assess the project’s community engagement and the level of real-world adoption. A vibrant and active community often indicates a healthier project.
Technology and Scalability: For layer-1 projects, consider the underlying technology and its scalability. Network congestion and high transaction fees can hinder a project’s growth.
Regulatory Landscape: Be aware of the evolving regulatory landscape. Changes in regulations can significantly impact the value and viability of crypto projects.

Diversification is Key: Never invest more than you can afford to lose, and always diversify your portfolio. Don’t put all your eggs in one (Tier 3) basket.

Remember: Thorough research and a prudent approach are crucial when navigating the volatile world of Tier 3 cryptos. The potential for high returns is always accompanied by the potential for substantial losses.

What is the least regulated crypto exchange?

The question of the “least regulated” crypto exchange is complex and depends heavily on your jurisdiction. There’s no single answer, as regulatory landscapes vary significantly globally. Exchanges often self-describe as having minimal KYC (Know Your Customer) requirements, but this doesn’t equate to complete lack of regulation. Even decentralized exchanges (DEXs) like Uniswap and PancakeSwap, while not subject to the same level of centralized oversight as centralized exchanges (CEXs), still operate within legal frameworks concerning anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF). The absence of explicit KYC procedures on a DEX doesn’t mean complete anonymity; on-chain transactions are still traceable.

Examples of exchanges often cited for having minimal KYC include Hodl Hodl, Uniswap, PancakeSwap, and SimpleSwap. However, it’s crucial to understand the nuances:

Hodl Hodl: Peer-to-peer (P2P) exchange with minimal KYC, but individual users still bear responsibility for compliance with relevant laws in their regions.

Uniswap & PancakeSwap: DEXs operating on blockchains, offering high anonymity compared to CEXs. However, they’re not entirely unregulated. Sanctions and legal pressures can still indirectly affect these platforms, impacting access and functionality for specific users.

SimpleSwap: Offers a range of cryptocurrencies with seemingly relaxed KYC, but limitations may exist depending on transaction size and user location. US residents, for example, often face limitations on many P2P and DEX platforms.

Important Disclaimer: Operating within the crypto space necessitates awareness of your regional regulations. Utilizing exchanges with minimal KYC carries inherent risks, including heightened exposure to illicit activities and potential legal repercussions if found to be non-compliant with applicable laws. The lack of formal KYC does not absolve individuals from responsibility regarding their compliance with anti-money laundering and other relevant financial regulations.

What are Tier 1 crypto exchanges?

Tier 1 cryptocurrency exchanges represent the top echelon of the industry. They’re not just popular; they’re defined by several key characteristics that set them apart from their competitors. High daily trading volumes are a hallmark, demonstrating significant market liquidity and trust among traders. This high volume also frequently translates to tighter spreads, meaning the difference between the buy and sell price is smaller, allowing for more efficient trading.

Robust security is paramount. Tier 1 exchanges invest heavily in advanced security measures, including cold storage for a significant portion of their digital assets, multi-factor authentication, and sophisticated fraud detection systems. While no exchange is entirely impervious to hacks, Tier 1 platforms generally have a proven track record of minimizing risk and protecting user funds. Look for exchanges that undergo regular security audits by reputable third-party firms; this transparency speaks volumes.

Regulatory compliance is another critical factor. Tier 1 exchanges actively strive to meet or exceed the regulatory requirements of various jurisdictions. While the regulatory landscape for crypto is still evolving, operating within a regulated framework provides a degree of legitimacy and reduces operational risk. The extent of compliance varies geographically, but generally, adherence to KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) regulations is a minimum expectation.

Finally, a large and diverse user base reflects widespread trust and adoption. A substantial user base indicates a proven platform with a mature infrastructure capable of handling significant trading volumes without major issues. This doesn’t necessarily mean the largest exchange is always the best, but a substantial user base is a strong indicator of platform stability and reliability.

Examples of exchanges often considered Tier 1 include Binance, Coinbase, Kraken, Huobi, and OKX. However, the specific ranking can fluctuate based on various factors, including trading volume, security incidents, and regulatory updates. It’s always crucial to conduct thorough due diligence before choosing an exchange, considering your own risk tolerance and trading needs.

What is an example of transparency in the blockchain?

Blockchain transparency stems from its immutable, distributed ledger nature. Every transaction is cryptographically secured and added to a chain of blocks, visible to all participants with appropriate access levels. This contrasts sharply with traditional centralized systems where data is siloed and controlled by a single entity.

Supply Chain Management: Beyond simple product tracing, blockchain provides granular visibility into each stage of the supply chain. This isn’t just about verifying authenticity; it encompasses environmental and social impact. For example, we can track carbon emissions associated with transportation or confirm fair labor practices at manufacturing facilities. Smart contracts can even automate payments based on verifiable milestones, streamlining the process and improving efficiency. Specific implementations often leverage private or permissioned blockchains to manage sensitive data and ensure controlled access among authorized participants.

Finance: The transparency extends to financial transactions. Every transaction is recorded publicly (in permissionless blockchains) or privately (permissioned) but auditable, allowing for reconciliation and fraud detection. This is crucial for areas like cross-border payments where traditional methods are often slow and opaque. Beyond simple transaction tracking, blockchain enables the creation of verifiable credentials, eliminating the need for intermediaries to verify identities and reducing reliance on potentially compromised centralized databases. Decentralized finance (DeFi) leverages these properties for creating transparent and permissionless lending and borrowing protocols.

Further Implications:

Improved Data Security: Tampering with the blockchain is computationally infeasible due to cryptography and consensus mechanisms.
Enhanced Trust: The immutability and auditability of blockchain records foster trust among parties who might otherwise be hesitant to engage in transactions.
Reduced Counterparty Risk: Smart contracts automate processes, reducing reliance on trust in individual counterparties.
Increased Efficiency: Automation and transparent record-keeping streamline processes and reduce operational costs.

Technical Considerations: Achieving true transparency requires careful consideration of data privacy. While all transactions are recorded on the blockchain, sensitive data can be hashed or encrypted before being added to maintain confidentiality while preserving verifiability. Selecting the appropriate blockchain architecture (public, private, or hybrid) is crucial based on specific use case requirements.

Is Kraken better than Coinbase?

Coinbase and Kraken are both solid choices, but their strengths lie in different areas. Coinbase prioritizes user-friendliness, making it ideal for beginners. However, Kraken excels in security features and offers a wider range of cryptocurrencies, including some less common ones. Kraken’s advanced trading options, like margin trading and futures, cater to more experienced traders.

While both platforms are generally secure, Kraken boasts a more robust security infrastructure, particularly appealing to those concerned about account protection. Its lack of US-centric restrictions is a significant advantage for international users. Consider Kraken’s staking options if you’re looking to generate passive income on your holdings – though always research the risks involved.

Coinbase’s ease of use translates to quicker onboarding and simpler navigation, a definite plus for those new to crypto. Kraken’s interface, while powerful, can feel somewhat overwhelming for beginners. Ultimately, the “better” platform depends heavily on your individual needs and experience level.

Fees are another key factor. Compare their trading fees, withdrawal fees, and any other charges before making a decision. These can vary significantly depending on the cryptocurrency and your trading volume.

What is the most transparent crypto exchange?

Determining the “most transparent” crypto exchange is subjective and depends on your definition of transparency. However, several exchanges consistently rank higher in transparency assessments. A recent study highlighted CME Group, Coinbase, Bitstamp, and Binance as leaders, scoring them based on various factors including regulatory compliance, audit history, and public disclosures.

CME Group, with a weighted transparency score of 7.71 out of 10, benefits from its established reputation and robust regulatory oversight. Its futures contracts provide a degree of transparency not always found in spot trading on other exchanges.

Coinbase, scoring 7.66, has made efforts to increase transparency through detailed reporting and participation in industry initiatives promoting better practices. However, criticism remains regarding certain aspects of its operations.

Bitstamp, at 6.81, benefits from its long history and relatively conservative approach. Its transparent operating procedures, though not perfect, contribute to a higher level of trust than some of its competitors.

Binance, despite a score of 6.74, has faced significant scrutiny regarding its regulatory compliance and financial transparency. Its relatively opaque ownership structure continues to be a point of contention.

Important Note: These scores represent a snapshot in time and should not be taken as definitive proof of absolute transparency. It’s crucial to conduct your own research before using any crypto exchange. Consider factors like reserve audits, regulatory compliance in your jurisdiction, and the exchange’s track record. No exchange is perfectly transparent, and the landscape is constantly evolving.

Is Binance better than Coinbase?

Binance and Coinbase are two of the biggest names in cryptocurrency exchanges, but they cater to different user needs. While Coinbase is known for its user-friendly interface and focus on ease of use, particularly for beginners, Binance boasts a significantly more advanced feature set designed for experienced traders.

One key differentiator is the integration of TradingView. This powerful charting platform, directly integrated into Binance, provides users with in-depth market analysis tools, technical indicators, and drawing tools – all essential for technical analysis and informed trading decisions. Coinbase, in contrast, offers a more basic charting experience.

Furthermore, Binance offers a vast array of order types unavailable on Coinbase. This includes:

Market Orders: Buy or sell at the best available price immediately.
Limit Orders: Buy or sell at a specific price or better.
Stop-Limit Orders: A combination of a stop order and a limit order, triggering a limit order when the price reaches a specified stop price.
Stop Market Orders: A stop order that executes as a market order when the stop price is reached.
OCO (One Cancels the Other): Placing two orders simultaneously; one order cancels the other if either is filled.

This broader selection of order types gives Binance users far greater control and flexibility over their trading strategies, allowing for more sophisticated approaches to risk management and profit maximization. These advanced features are largely absent from Coinbase’s offerings, making Binance the preferred choice for those who actively trade cryptocurrencies.

In short, while Coinbase might be a good starting point for beginners, Binance’s superior trading tools and advanced order types solidify its position as a leading platform for active cryptocurrency traders. The integration with TradingView further enhances its appeal to those seeking comprehensive market analysis capabilities.

Are all blockchains fully public?

Nope, not all blockchains are fully public. Think of it like this: there are two main flavors – public and private.

Public blockchains are like open-source software; anyone can join, see the transactions, and contribute to the network’s security. This transparency is a huge selling point, ensuring trust and decentralization. Bitcoin and Ethereum are prime examples. Their security comes from a massive, distributed network of miners competing to validate transactions and add blocks to the chain – a process called Proof-of-Work (PoW) in many cases, often energy-intensive.

Private blockchains, on the other hand, are permissioned. Access is restricted to authorized participants, offering greater privacy and control. Think of it as a closed-door meeting – only invited guests can participate. This is great for businesses wanting to use blockchain for supply chain management or internal data sharing without exposing everything publicly. They often utilize mechanisms like Proof-of-Authority (PoA), which relies on pre-selected validators, making them faster and potentially less energy-consuming than public chains.

Here’s a quick breakdown:

Public Blockchains: High transparency, decentralized, often uses PoW (energy-intensive), high security due to distributed nature. Examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum.
Private Blockchains: High privacy, centralized or permissioned, often uses PoA (less energy-intensive), security relies on the validators’ trustworthiness. Examples: Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda.

It’s important to note that there are also hybrid models that blend aspects of both public and private blockchains, offering a balance between transparency and control.

What is the most reliable crypto website?

There’s no single “most reliable” crypto website; reliability depends on individual needs and priorities. Gemini excels in security features and is favored by experienced traders due to its robust architecture and regulatory compliance. Its advanced charting tools and order types cater to sophisticated trading strategies, though its interface might be less intuitive for beginners. Coinbase, while simpler to navigate, prioritizes user experience and educational resources, making it ideal for newcomers to the crypto space. Its user-friendly interface and robust customer support compensate for potentially less advanced trading features. Crypto.com, known for its mobile-first approach and extensive app functionality, prioritizes convenience for on-the-go trading. Its competitive fees and staking rewards appeal to Bitcoin-focused users, although its security track record, while generally positive, has faced some scrutiny in the past concerning user fund protection. Ultimately, choosing the “best” platform necessitates considering factors such as security protocols (cold storage, insurance, audits), fee structures (trading, withdrawal, deposit), available cryptocurrencies, regulatory compliance in your jurisdiction, and user interface design.

Advanced users should investigate platforms offering API access, margin trading, and sophisticated charting tools. Beginners should prioritize ease of use, educational resources, and strong customer support. All users should thoroughly research a platform’s security practices, including its history of security incidents and the measures it takes to protect user funds from theft and loss. Remember, no platform is entirely risk-free; the cryptocurrency market inherently carries volatility and security risks.

Is blockchain fully transparent?

The transparency of a blockchain is nuanced. While the blockchain itself is publicly viewable (permitting anyone to see transactions), the level of transparency depends on the specific blockchain and its implementation. Public blockchains like Bitcoin offer complete transparency of transaction data, though addresses are pseudonymous, not directly tied to real-world identities. This allows for tracking of transactions but not necessarily the individuals involved, unless additional identifying information is revealed elsewhere. Private or permissioned blockchains, however, may restrict access to the transaction data, limiting transparency to authorized participants. Furthermore, even on public blockchains, certain data might be obscured using techniques like mixing services or zero-knowledge proofs, impacting overall transparency. The immutability aspect is also crucial – once a block is added to the chain, altering its contents is computationally infeasible, though there are exceptional circumstances like 51% attacks, which are exceptionally rare on well-established networks. In summary, blockchain transparency is a spectrum, ranging from fully public and auditable to selectively private depending on the design and purpose of the specific blockchain network.

It’s important to distinguish between transaction transparency and identity transparency. While the blockchain may publicly record the flow of funds, it generally doesn’t directly reveal the real-world identities of users unless they’re linked through separate mechanisms, potentially compromising privacy. The cryptographic hashing and linked-list nature of the blockchain ensures data integrity and traceability, and the distributed nature makes it significantly more resistant to manipulation than centralized systems. However, advanced techniques like sophisticated on-chain analysis can sometimes reveal patterns and potentially link transactions to specific individuals, partially undermining the assumed anonymity.